The End of the WC, As We Know It
This strategic reflection builds directly on the preceding panel discussion, which explored the evolving landscape of Non-Sewered Sanitation (NSS) — from standards and technologies to implementation realities across global contexts. Professor Leon Williams of Cranfield University offers a closing perspective that deepens and extends the themes introduced by fellow panellists.
Drawing on his long-standing involvement in the Gates Foundation’s Reinvented Toilet initiative and his role on the British Standards Institution committee B/505/41, Professor Williams examines how traditional sanitation models are being reimagined. His contributions to the development of the ISO standard for NSS have run in parallel with innovations in toilet design, washing machines, and other water-related technologies. With the June 2026 standardisation deadline approaching, this presentation invites delegates to consider what strategic leadership looks like in a sector undergoing radical transformation — and what it might mean to move beyond the WC as we know it.